The effect of vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 on mortality rate and disease severity in COVID-19 patients: An observational study
Vitamin K and COVID-19 outcomes
Authors
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Demet Tekdos Demircioglu
Istanbul Aydin University Medical School, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Istanbul, Turkey
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-3542
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Dilay Karabulut
Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul Turkey
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1896-0096
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Pinar Kasapoglu
Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1703-2204
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Esra Canbolat Unlu
Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Istanbul, Turkey
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1465-3283
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Kadriye Kart Yasar
Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Istanbul, Turkey
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2963-4894
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Nilgun Isıksacan
Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0230-6500
Keywords:
COVID-19, Inflammation, Mortality, vitamin K1, vitamin K2Abstract
Background/Aim: Vitamin K is vital for numerous physiological functions, particularly in coagulation and inflammation. This research investigates the relationship between VK1 and VK2 levels and the severity and mortality of COVID-19
Methods: This prospective study analyzed VK1 and VK2 levels using ELISA in 165 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Statistical analyses, including logistic regression, were performed to evaluate associations with clinical outcomes, including ICU admission and mortality.
Results: VK2 levels were significantly higher in patients with severe disease (P<0.01) and deceased patients (P<0.05). Logistic regression identified CT severity and VK1 levels as risk factors for ICU admission and mortality, with odds ratios of 10.65 and 6.43, respectively.
Conclusion Elevated VK2 levels correlated with severe COVID-19 outcomes, suggesting a potential role as a biomarker for disease severity and risk of mortality. These findings underscore the potential clinical utility of VK2 as a biomarker for disease severity and prognosis.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Demet Tekdos Demircioglu, Dilay Karabulut, Pinar Kasapoglu, Esra Canbolat Unlu, Kadriye Kart Yasar, Nilgun Isıksacan
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